Regulation mechanism of macrophage transition in renal fibrosis / 器官移植

Renal fibrosis is a common pathological change from development to end-stage renal diseases in all progressive chronic kidney diseases. Renal fibrosis after kidney transplantation will severely affect the renal graft function. Macrophages are characterized with high heterogeneity and plasticity. During the process of kidney injury, macrophages are recruited, activated and polarized by local microenvironment, and participate in the process of renal tissue injury, repair and fibrosis through multiple mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that macrophages may transit into myofibroblasts and directly participate in the formation of renal fibrosis. This process is known as macrophage-myofibroblast transition. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism remains elusive. In this article, the role of macrophages in renal fibrosis, the characteristics of macrophage-myofibroblast transition and the possible regulatory mechanism were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for relevant research of renal fibrosis.

Health equity in dialysis care: Time for action

The development of chronic kidney disease and its progression to End Stage Renal Disease requiring renal replacement therapy remains a significant source of reduced quality of life and premature mortality. The global dialysis population and treatment gap is growing, especially in low- and middle- income countries. In India, 70% of those starting dialysis, die or discontinue treatment in the initial period due to the high cost of treatment and lack of access to dialysis therapy. Achieving health equity requires ensuring access to the resources that needs to be healthy, and addressing social determinants of health involves needs factors that influence the health outcomes. Universal Health Coverage requires an alternate model to address the substantial Out-Of-Pocket-Expenditure borne by these patients for traveling and medications.

Financial toxicity and dialysis: Autonomy and truth-telling in resource-limited settings

From an ethical perspective, resource limitations provide a challenge for healthcare providers. Handling disclosure of the financial details of treatment options in a way that empowers patients, even in the face of extreme poverty, requires careful consideration of the personal preferences and motivations of each patient. This article will consider the high costs of dialysis for patients experiencing extreme poverty in light of various ethical principles, including informed consent and truth-telling. It will conclude that a graduated method of disclosing the physical and financial burdens of each treatment option is the best way forward, particularly for healthcare workers engaged in resource-limited settings.

Etiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in Nigeria and Management Challenges

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing globally and is one of the noncommunicable diseases associated with increase mortality globally in the last two decades. The prevalence of CKD in Nigeria, it is 1.6% to 12.4%. Ninety percent of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are said to die within 3 months of commencing dialysis. Indices are even worse in resource poor countries like Nigeria where prevention and adequate intervention are usually hampered by funds. In regions like Nigeria, it will be cheaper to prevent CKD than treating its complications. Hence, it is important to identify the common etiologies of CKD in Nigeria and prevent or promptly address them before causing irreversible damage to the kidneys. The most common cause of CKD in Nigeria includes hypertension, glomerulonephritis and diabetes mellitus. Many of these etiologies are preventable/treatable and should be looked for as a major way to reduce the incidence of CKD in Nigeria. Challenges identified in Nigeria, propagating CKD include westernization, inadequate manpower, late presentation, diagnostic challenge and poorly equipped facilities. Interventions like encouraging healthy lifestyle, making available essential drugs, training of health personnel, subsidized cost of treatment, legislation and policies to curb drug abuse. Therefore, resource-poor settings should focus on creating more awareness and making legislations and/or policies focused on these preventable causes of CKD as this is more realistic and effective in these settings.

Attitudes and influencing factors of transplantation-related populations towards kidney xenotransplantation / 器官移植

Objective To investigate the attitudes and influencing factors of transplantation-related populations towards kidney xenotransplantation. Methods From June 2022 to January 2023, stratified random sampling was performed from patients awaiting kidney transplantation, patients after kidney transplantation, patients' relatives and medical students. Four hundred subjects were collected from each population and 1600 subjects were investigated using a self-designed questionnaire. Baseline data of the respondents, their attitudes towards kidney xenotransplantation and the reasons of rejecting kidney xenotransplantation were analyzed. The influencing factors of attitudes towards kidney xenotransplantation were also identified. Results A total of 1 493 valid questionnaires were collected, and the questionnaire retrieval rate was 93.31%. About 93.10% of the respondents accepted allogeneic kidney transplantation, and 66.78% had heard of kidney xenotransplantation. Seven hundred and ninety-five respondents suggested that they could accept kidney xenotransplantation "when kidney xenotransplantation and allogeneic kidney transplantation yielded the same results and risks". Six hundred and ninety-eight respondents indicated that they were "unable" or "uncertain" whether they could accept kidney xenotransplantation (χ2=16.409，P=0.001). Among these 698 respondents, the proportion of them who were willing to accept kidney xenotransplantation when they did not meet the conditions of allogeneic kidney transplantation was 10.9%. About 35.8% of respondents were willing to accept kidney xenotransplantation if it yielded less risk and better prognosis compared with allogeneic kidney transplantation. If the time of awaiting kidney xenotransplantation was shorter than that of allogeneic kidney transplantation, 21.2% were willing to accept kidney xenotransplantation. If the cost of kidney xenotransplantation was less than that of allogeneic kidney transplantation, 24.5% of them were willing to accept kidney xenotransplantation. The main reasons of rejecting kidney xenotransplantation included surgical risk and other unknown risks. Multivariate analysis showed that respondents residing in cities and towns for a long period of time, those who accept allogeneic kidney transplantation and those who have heard of kidney xenotransplantation showed more positive attitudes towards kidney xenotransplantation. Conclusions Different transplantation-related populations have different attitudes towards kidney xenotransplantation, and the overall attitudes are positive. Active promotion of kidney xenotransplantation research and carrying out relevant popular science education contribute to improving public attitudes towards the acceptance of kidney xenotransplantation.

Effect of internal iliac artery calcification on delayed graft function and short-term prognosis of kidney transplant recipients / 器官移植

Objective To analyze the correlation between internal iliac artery calcification and delayed graft function (DGF) and short-term prognosis of kidney transplant recipients. Methods Clinical data of 222 kidney transplant recipients were retrospectively analyzed. According to the recovery of renal function, all recipients were divided into the DGF group (n=50) and immediate graft function (IGF) group (n=172). According to whether the recipients were complicated with severe internal iliac artery calcification, DGF and IGF groups were further divided into the high-risk DGF (n=22), low-risk DGF (n=28), high-risk IGF (n=41) and low-risk IGF(n=131) subgroups, respectively. Clinical data of donors and recipients were statistically compared between two groups. The incidences of postoperative DGF and internal iliac artery calcification were recorded. The risk factors of DGF after kidney transplantation, and the correlation between internal iliac artery calcification and clinical parameters were analyzed. Short-term prognosis of recipients with DGF complicated with severe internal iliac artery calcification was evaluated. Results The incidence of DGF was 22.5% (50/222). Among all recipients, 28.4% (63/222) were complicated with severe internal iliac artery calcification. In the DGF group, 44% (22/50) of the recipients were complicated with severe internal iliac artery calcification, higher than 23.8% (41/172) in the IGF group (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that high serum creatinine (Scr) level of donors, male donor, high triglyceride level and severe internal iliac artery calcification of recipients were the risk factors for DGF after kidney transplantation (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Scr≥143 μmol/L of donors and severe internal iliac artery calcification of recipients were the independent risk factors for DGF after kidney transplantation (both P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that internal iliac artery calcification was weakly correlated with the age of recipients and renal artery anastomosis (both P < 0.05). In the DGF group, the Scr level at postoperative 1 month was significantly higher, whereas the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly lower than those in the IGF group (both P < 0.05). The eGFR at postoperative 12 months in the high-risk DGF subgroup was significantly lower than those in the low-risk DGF, high-risk IGF and low-risk IGF subgroups (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Internal iliac artery calcification is not only a risk factor for recovery of renal allograft function, but also negatively affects short-term prognosis of renal allograft function.

Evaluation of the relationship between cardiac calcification and cardiovascular disease using the echocardiographic calcium score in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION@#An echocardiographic calcium score (ECS) predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. Its utility in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is unknown.@*METHODS@#This cross-sectional study assessed 125 patients on PD. The ECS (range 0-8) was compared between subjects with CVD and those without.@*RESULTS@#Among the subjects, 54 had CVD and 71 did not. Subjects with CVD were older (69 years vs. 56 years, P < 0.001) and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) (81.5% vs. 45.1%, P < 0.001). They had lower diastolic blood pressure (72 mmHg vs. 81 mmHg, P < 0.001), lower phosphate (1.6 mmol/L vs. 1.9 mmol/L, P = 0.002), albumin (30 g/L vs. 32 g/L, P = 0.001), parathyroid hormone (34.4 pmol/L vs. 55.8 pmol/L, P = 0.002), total cholesterol (4.5 vs. 4.9, P = 0.047), LDL cholesterol (2.4 mmol/L vs. 2.8 mmol/L, P = 0.019) and HDL cholesterol (0.8 mmol/L vs. 1.1 mmol/L, P = 0.002). The ECS was found to be higher in subjects with CVD than in those without (2 vs. 1, P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, only DM and age were independently associated with CVD.@*CONCLUSION@#The ECS was significantly higher in PD patients with CVD than in those without, reflecting a higher vascular calcification burden in the former. It is a potentially useful tool to quantify vascular calcification in PD patients.

Prevalence and factors associated with the severity of anaemia among patients on chronic haemodialysis in Lagos, Nigeria

Anaemia is a global public health problem with high mortality and morbidity. It is also a common consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is a paucity of data on the actual burden of anaemia among patients on chronic haemodialysis (CHD) in Lagos, Nigeria. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the severity of anaemia among Nigerian patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of adult patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos. The data extracted from the clinical case files included the bio-demographic and clinical parameters, including the treatment modalities. Results: A total of 92 patients comprising 69 (75%) males and 23 (25.0%) females with the overall mean age of 48.2±14.0 years were included. Hypertension was the commonest aetiology of CKD and the average duration of haemodialysis was 16.6 months. The commonest access route for haemodialysis was a central line while 96.7% and 81.5% received erythropoietin and intravenous iron sucrose respectively. Seventy-three (79.3%) patients have had intra-dialysis blood transfusions in the past. Mild, moderate, and severe anaemia were recorded in 17%, 67%, and 16% respectively. The use of erythropoietin, iron sucrose, and increased frequency of blood transfusions correlated with the severity of anaemia. Conclusion: Anaemia is highly prevalent among patients with CKD on chronic haemodialysis. Increased frequency of blood transfusions, inadequate utilization of erythropoietin, and iron sucrose administration are associated with anaemia severity.

Early diagnosis value of peripheral blood PPARγ combined with IFN-γ detection for tuberculosis infection in patients with end-stage renal disease / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To explore the early diagnostic value of peripheral blood peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) combined with γ-interferon (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods　From January 2019 to December 2021, 70 ESRD patients with suspicious symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis were treated at Hebei Chest Hospital were selected as the research objects. According to the examination results, they were divided into ESRD group (40 cases) and ESRD complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis (40 cases, comorbidity group). In addition, 40 cases with pulmonary tuberculosis were used as the PTB group. All three groups of patients underwent IGRA test, and the peripheral blood PPARγ level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the diagnostic value of PPARγ combined with IGRA test for ESRD patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was explored. Results The expression level of PPARγ and IFN-γ content in the PTB group and the comorbidity group were obviously higher than those in the ESRD group (P<0.05), while the differences in PPARγ expression level and IFN-γ content between the PTB and comorbidity groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The ROC curve showed that the areas under the curve (AUC) of PPARγ and IGRA in the diagnosis of end-stage renal disease combined with tuberculosis were 0.823 (95%CI: 0.722-0.925) and 0.773 (95%CI: 0.662-0.883), respectively, and the AUC of combined detection was 0.928 (95%CI: 0.871-0.984), which was better than that of PPARγ and IGRA alone (Z/P=2.057/0.039, 2.843/0.005). The Kappa values of serum PPARγ and IGRA test compared with the clinical gold standard results in the diagnosis of ESRD complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis were 0.557 and 0.444 (P<0.05). The combined screening of ESRD with pulmonary tuberculosis was consistent with the clinical gold standard (Kappa=0.661, P<0.05). Among the 30 ESRD patients complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis, the sensitivity of PPARγ combined with IGRA test in diagnosis of ESRD complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis was 93.33% (28/30), which was higher than 70.00% (21/30) of PPARγ and 66.67% (20/30) of IGRA test alone (P<0.05). Conclusions Peripheral blood PPARγ and IGRA tests have certain diagnostic value for ESRD complicated with tuberculosis, and the combined detection of the two can improve the sensitivity and reduce the rate of missed diagnosis, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Advances on effects and mechanisms of PM2.5 on occurrence and development of kidney diseases / 环境与职业医学

Air pollution is a serious global public health problem. Air pollutants, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), are associated with increased risks of various diseases. In recent years, studies have confirmed that PM2.5 is closely related to chronic kidney disease, secondary kidney disease, and end-stage renal disease. This review summarized the effects of PM2.5 and its components on kidney diseases, and the potential mechanism of kidney injury induced by PM2.5 exposure from the aspects of inflammatory injury and oxidative stress, renal hemodynamic changes, and DNA damage and methylation, aiming to provide an insight for further mechanism research and the prevention and control of air pollution-induced kidney damage.

Research progress on perioperative rehabilitation of kidney transplantation / 器官移植

Kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease in clinical practice. Compared with patients receiving dialysis, kidney transplant recipients may achieve higher survival rate and quality of life, and better clinical outcomes. However, kidney transplant recipients constantly develop physiological and psychological disorders, such as frailty, decreased cardiopulmonary function and cognitive dysfunction, etc. In recent years, with the application of the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS), rehabilitation therapy plays a pivotal role in optimizing preoperative baseline function, mitigating perioperative physiological and psychological stress and reducing the incidence of postoperative complications. In this article, the application of ERAS in kidney transplantation was reviewed, and research progress on pre-rehabilitation before kidney transplantation and acute-stage rehabilitation after kidney transplantation was summarized, aiming to provide reference for perioperative rehabilitation of kidney transplantation, enhance the quality of life of kidney transplant recipients and accelerate the development of kidney transplantation techniques.

Expert consensus on perioperative nursing standards for pediatric kidney transplantation / 器官移植

Pediatric kidney transplant recipients differ from adult counterparts in primary disease, physiology, psychology, organ function and immune status and their perioperative treatment and nursing management are different from those of adult kidney transplantation. To standardize holistic perioperative nursing regimens for pediatric kidney transplantation, Surgery Nursing Committee of Shanghai Nursing Association organized national medical and nursing experts in the fields of transplantation to jointly draft "expert consensus on perioperative nursing standards for pediatric kidney transplantation " (abbreviated as "consensus"). After three rounds of online expert inquiry, all revised opinions were jointly discussed combined with literature evidence, and the expert consensus was finally reached. The highlights of perioperative treatment and nursing care for pediatric kidney transplantation were summarized and stated, including preoperative evaluation, preoperative and postoperative nursing care, which were of scientific and practical value.

Changes of spontaneous brain activity in end-stage renal disease patients: A study based on dynamic regional homogeneity / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) abnormality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). 【Methods】 A total of 26 ESRD patients and 26 healthy controls (HC) matched in gender, education level and age were included. Rs-fMRI scanning was performed in all subjects. All the subjects were tested by using auditory verbal learning test Huashan version (AVLT-H) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to assess cognitive function before collection of MRI data. T-test was used to observe the difference in dReHo at global level between the two groups. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were made to estimate the correlation between abnormal brain regions and clinical scales. 【Results】 Compared with HC group, the dReHo value in ESRD patients reduced on the bilateral superior margin gyrus, left insula, left posterior central gyrus, and left putamen (P<0.05, replacement test correction). The dReHo values of left superior margin gyrus (r=-0.534, P=0.005) and left insula in ESRD patients (r=-0.422, P=0.032) were negatively correlated with the LR-S score, and the dReHo value of the left margin was negatively correlated with the SR-S score (r=-0.468, P=0.016). 【Conclusion】 There are abnormal dReHo values in several brain regions in ESRD patients during resting state, which is related to the patients’ cognitive function. The variation of dReHo value provides a new objective imaging basis for evaluating the cognitive function of ESRD patients.

Application Status and Research Progress of Palliative Care in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease / 中国医学伦理学

End-stage renal disease is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and research on palliative care for end-stage renal disease patients in China is still in its infancy. The research content of palliative care for end-stage renal disease at home and abroad mainly includes identification and management of symptoms, advance care planning, psychosocial and spiritual support, and ethical issues in dialysis decision-making. However, practical experience is still insufficient. By focusing on the overview, development status, patient needs, as well as implementation forms and models of palliative care for endstage renal disease patients, this paper summarized the research progress and application status of related research, with a view to providing references for future domestic research and clinical practice in this field.

Primary hyperoxaluria type II and organ transplantation / 器官移植

Primary hyperoxaluria type Ⅱ (PH2) is an inherited disorder of the glyoxylate metabolism caused by the gene mutation of glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR). PH2 is characterized by recurrent nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, which may even progress into end-stage renal disease. Currently, organ transplantation is the only treatment option for PH2, which mainly includes two strategies: kidney transplantation and combined liver and kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation yields a high risk of recurrence of oxalate nephropathy, which may cause early graft dysfunction. Combined liver and kidney transplantation could mitigate the deficiency of oxalate metabolism, whereas it yields a high risk of graft complications. PH2 is an extremely rare disorder. No consensus has been reached on the indications, surgical selection and perioperative management of organ transplantation for PH2 patients. In this article, the pathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring and organ transplantation experience of PH2 were reviewed, aiming to divert clinicians' attention to PH2 and provide reference for determining diagnosis and treatment regimens, especially transplantation strategy for PH2 patients.

Clinical technical operation specification of kidney transplantation for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (2022 edition) / 器官移植

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and one of the most common causes for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney transplantation is the optimal renal replacement therapy for ADPKD patients complicated with ESRD. Currently, scholars at home and abroad have a certain controversy about whether polycystic kidney resection is necessary in ADPKD patients before kidney transplantation, and the criteria and methods for polycystic nephrectomy also differ. To further standardize the clinical technical operation of kidney transplantation in ADPKD patients, experts in organ transplantation organized by Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association formulated this specification from the aspects of diagnosis of ADPKD, indications and contraindications of kidney transplantation for ADPKD, preoperative evaluation and treatment, polycystic nephrectomy, and postoperative management, etc.

Tratamiento trombolítico de rescate en paciente con fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis trombosada / Rescue thrombolytic treatment in patients with arteriovenous fistula for thrombosed hemodialysis

Introducción: La hemodiálisis continúa siendo la modalidad de terapia de reemplazo renal prevalente en el mundo. La disfunción de la fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis tiene efectos negativos en el paciente y su calidad de vida, por lo que el acceso vascular funcional se necesita para un adecuado tratamiento de hemodiálisis en pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal. El mayor inconveniente del acceso vascular resulta su alta incidencia de oclusión trombótica, causada por la estenosis, la cual se inicia por lesiones hiperplásicas de la capa intimal del vaso. Una de las modalidades de tratamiento a nivel internacional es la trombólisis del acceso vascular trombosado de menos de 24 horas de evolución. Objetivo: Exponer los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de la trombólisis percutánea del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis trombosado en paciente con enfermedad renal terminal. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 52 años, con diagnóstico de trombosis aguda del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis por enfermedad renal terminal, de 5 días de evolución, con deterioro de su estado de salud por encontrarse subdializado y urémico, con agotamiento del acceso vascular global para hemodiálisis. Se utilizó el tratamiento fibrinolítico directo del acceso vascular percutáneo a 100 mil UI/hora de Heberquinasa® en 10 horas, con recuperación del latido, thrill y repermeabilización de la fístula para hemodiálisis. Conclusiones: El tratamiento fibrinolítico con Heberquinasa® permitió la recuperación del paciente con trombosis aguda del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis. Se evitaron complicaciones asociadas a la subdiálisis y/o colocación de catéter central, y se incorporó al paciente a su programa de hemodiálisis, con garantías para su calidad de vida(AU)

Introduction: Hemodialysis continues to be the prevalent renal replacement therapy modality in the world. Arteriovenous fistula dysfunction for hemodialysis has negative effects on the patients and their quality of life, so functional vascular access is needed for adequate hemodialysis treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease. The greatest drawback of vascular access is its high incidence of thrombotic occlusion, caused by stenosis, which is initiated by hyperplastic lesions of the intimate layer of the vessel. One of the treatment modalities at the international level is the thrombolysis of the thrombosed vascular access of less than 24 hours of evolution. Objective: To present the results obtained with the application of percutaneous thrombolysis of vascular access for thrombosed hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Case presentation: Male patient of 52 years, with diagnosis of acute thrombosis of vascular access for hemodialysis due to end-stage renal disease, 5 days of evolution, with deterioration of his health state due to being sub-dialized and uremic, with exhaustion of the global vascular access for hemodialysis. Direct fibrinolytic treatment of percutaneous vascular access at 100 thousand IU/hour of Heberkinase® was used in 10 hours, with recovery of the heartbeat, thrill and repermeabilisation of the fistula for hemodialysis. Conclusions: Fibrinolytic treatment with Heberkinase® allowed the recovery of the patient with acute thrombosis from the vascular access for hemodialysis. Complications associated with sub-dialysis and/or central catheter placement were avoided, and the patient was incorporated into their hemodialysis program, with guarantees for their quality of life(AU)

EARLY POSTOPERATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY ROLE FOR AV FISTULA FAILURE PREDICTION IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS.

Doppler ultrasonography is the main modality for imaging of hemodialysis AV ?stula as it is safe and non-invasive. This study is to measure the Arterio-venous (AV) ?stula blood ?ow during early postoperative period (0–7days) and assess its role in AV ?stula failure prediction. Doppler ultrasonography was used to estimate the blood ?ow in the AV ?stula of 50 patients at (0–7days) after the ?stula was made. The blood ?ow in ?stula during early postoperative period for ?stula failure was evaluated, and long term failure was predicted. Blood ?ow rates Method measured in arteriovenous ?stula created in upper extremity were measured in ?rst week and sixth week post-operative. Results After follow up evaluation out of 50 patients, 40 ?stulas considered to be matured; 10 considered failed. 30% failure were males and 70% were female. In early post operative period, cut off was set at 182 ml/min and the sensitivity of blood ?ow for prediction of ?stula failure is 98%, speci?city 90 %, PPV 95% and NPV 90%. Measurements of the AV ?stula blood Conclusion ?ow in proximal artery and draining vein with its diameter of lumen were noted in the early postoperative period has a role predicting AV ?stula failure. There is risk of failure if the blood ?ow less than 182 ml/min (day 0–7)

Aplicabilidad de modelos predictivos de falla renal en enfermedad renal crónica: una revisión de alcance / Usability of predictive models of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease: a scoping review

Resumen Introducción: la identificación de los pacientes con mayor riesgo de progresar a falla renal es fundamental para la planeación del tratamiento en la enfermedad renal crónica, pero no ha podido llevarse a cabo consistentemente. Los modelos de predicción podrían ser una herramienta útil, sin embargo, su usabilidad en la Enfermedad Renal Crónica es limitada hasta ahora y no se comprenden muy bien las barreras y limitaciones. Métodos: se desarrolló una revisión de alcance de la literatura disponible sobre modelos predictivos de falla renal o reglas de pronóstico en pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica. Las búsquedas se realizaron sistemáticamente en Cochrane, Pubmed y Embase. Se realizó una revisión ciega e independiente por dos evaluadores para identificar estudios que informaran sobre el desarrollo, la validación o la evaluación del impacto de un modelo construido para predecir la progresión al estadio avanzado de la enfermedad renal crónica. Se realizó una evaluación crítica de la calidad de la evidencia proporcionada con el sistema GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Resultados: de 1279 artículos encontrados, fueron incluidos 19 estudios para la síntesis cualitativa final. La mayoría de los estudios eran primarios, con diseños observacionales retrospectivos y unos pocos correspondieron a revisiones sistemáticas. No se encontraron guías de práctica clínica. La síntesis cualitativa evidenció gran heterogeneidad en el desarrollo de los modelos, así como en el reporte de las medidas de desempeño global, la validez interna y la falta de validez externa en la mayoría de los estudios. La calificación de la evidencia arrojó una calidad global baja, con inconsistencia entre los estudios e importantes limitaciones metodológicas. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los modelos predictivos disponibles, no han sido adecuadamente validados y, por tanto, se consideran de uso limitado para evaluar el pronóstico individual del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica. Por lo tanto, se requieren esfuerzos adicionales para centrar el desarrollo e implementación de modelos predictivos en la validez externa y la usabilidad y disminuir la brecha entre la generación, la síntesis de evidencia y la toma de decisiones en el ámbito del cuidado del paciente.

Abstract Background: the identification of patients at higher risk of progressing to kidney failure is essential for treatment planning in chronic kidney disease, but it has not been possible to do this consistently. Predictive models could be a useful tool, however, their usability in chronic kidney disease is limited and the barriers and limitations are not well understood. Methods: a scoping review of the available literature on ESRD predictive models or prognostic rules in chronic kidney disease patients was developed. Searches were systematically executed on Cochrane, MEDLINE, and Embase. a blind and independent review was carried out by two evaluators to identify studies that reported on the development, validation, or impact assessment of a model constructed to predict the progression to an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease. A critical evaluation of the quality of the evidence provided with the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was made. Findings: of 1279 articles found, 19 studies were included for the final qualitative synthesis. Most of the studies were primary, with retrospective observational designs and a few corresponded to systematic reviews. No clinical practice guidelines were found. The qualitative synthesis showed high heterogeneity in the development of the models, as well as in the reporting of global performance measures, internal validity, and the lack of external validity in most of the studies. The evidence rating was of low overall quality, with inconsistency between studies and important methodological limitations. Conclusions: most of the available predictive models have not been adequately validated and, therefore, are of limited use to assess the individual prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease. Therefore, additional efforts are required to focus the development and implementation of predictive models on external validity and usability and bridge the gap between generation, synthesis of evidence, and decision-making in the field of patient care.

Factores de riesgo para falla de la técnica en diálisis peritoneal: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo

Contexto la falla de la técnica en diálisis peritoneal puede ocurrir de manera no planificada, afectando los costos en salud y la calidad de vida del paciente. Objetivo estimar la incidencia de falla de la técnica y mortalidad y determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con el tiempo a la falla de la técnica, por causas médicas en el primer año de la terapia de reemplazo renal. Metodología estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó 2192 pacientes incidentes en diálisis peritoneal, utilizando los registros de centros de terapia renal Baxter en Colombia, durante el periodo entre enero del 2016 y diciembre del 2017. Asimismo, se estimó la tasa de incidencia y la tasa de mortalidad y se usó el análisis de regresión de Cox multivariado para determinar los factores de riesgo para falla de la técnica. Resultados se estimó una tasa de incidencia de falla de la técnica de 8,8/100 personas/año. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 7,9/100 personas/año. El modelo de regresión de Cox multivariado mostró que los factores de riesgo fueron hipertensión arterial (HR: 1,59; IC 95 % 1,01-2,48) y género masculino (HR:1,62; IC 95 % 1,03-2,56) y los factores protectores fueron el Kt/V > 1,7 (HR: 0,41; IC 95 % 0,25-0,65) e incrementar 1 gr/dl la albúmina (HR: 0,61; IC 95 % 0,43-0,87). Conclusiones la tasa de incidencia de falla de la técnica en el primer año de diálisis peritoneal en Colombia fue baja y la disfunción mecánica fue la principal causa. Los factores de riesgo asociados con el tiempo a la falla de la técnica fueron hipertensión arterial y género masculino.

Background The technique failure in peritoneal dialysis can occur in an unplanned way, affecting health costs and the patient's quality of life. Purpose The aims of this study were to estimate the incidence of technique failure and mortality; and to determine the risk factors associated with time to failure of technique due to medical causes in the first year of renal replacement therapy. Methodology Retrospective cohort study that included 2192 incident patients on peritoneal dialysis using the records of Baxter renal therapy centers in Colombia, during the period January 2016 and December 2017. The incidence rate and mortality rate were estimated. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for technique failure. Results An incidence rate of failure of the technique of 8.8/100 person-years was estimated. The mortality rate was 7.9/100 person-years. The multivariate Cox regression model showed as risk factors arterial hypertension (HR: 1.59; 95% CI 1.01-2.48) and male sex (HR: 1.62; 95% CI 1.03-2.56); and the protective factors were Kt / V> 1.7 (HR: 0.41; CI95% 0.25-0.65) and increase 1 gr / dl of albumin (HR: 0.61; CI95% 0.43-0.87). Conclusions The incidence rate of technique failure in the first year of peritoneal dialysis in Colombia was low and mechanical dysfunction was the main cause. The risk factors associated with time to failure of the technique were arterial hypertension and male gender.